UX Design: The Science of Crafting Seamless Digital Experiences
User Experience Design (UX Design) isn’t just about aesthetics—it’s about how people interact with digital products. Whether you’re working on an e-commerce website, app design, or mobile design, applying key design principles will make or break the user experience.
Over the years, researchers like Bluma Zeigarnik, George A. Miller, Ray Hyman, Hedwig Von Restorff, and Jon Yablonski have studied human memory, cognitive effort, error rates, and response times to create design laws that improve usability, engagement, and conversion rate.
In this guide, we’ll break down the 16 unbreakable laws of UX and how you can apply them to e-commerce sites, app design, and real-world interface design to improve the checkout flow, action buttons, form fields, and interactive elements of your digital products.
1. Aesthetic-Usability Effect: Why Attractive Products Seem More Functional
📌 What It Means:
Users perceive visually pleasing designs as being more user-friendly and functional, even if they aren’t.
💡 How to Apply It:
✅ Use visual design elements that create a positive experience
✅ Design clean, well-spaced, and padded targets for interactive elements
✅ Apply color psychology to enhance emotional responses
🔍 Example: Apple’s sleek, minimalist app design makes complex tasks feel effortless, even when decision increases.
2. Doherty Threshold: The 400ms Rule for Response Times
📌 What It Means:
When a system responds within 400ms, users stay engaged. Anything slower? Mental effort increases, and frustration builds.
💡 How to Apply It:
✅ Optimise page speed for e-commerce websites and app design
✅ Use progress indicators for complex images or complex tasks
✅ Reduce task time by minimising unnecessary clicks
🔍 Example: Google’s search results load instantly, setting a benchmark for response times.
3. Fitts’s Law: Bigger & Closer = Faster Clicks
📌 What It Means:
The time to click a target size depends on its distance from the cursor and size of the interactive element.
💡 How to Apply It:
✅ Make action buttons big targets with proper edge placement
✅ Reduce travel time by placing key actions near user focus areas
✅ Follow guidelines for target size to reduce error rates
🔍 Example: E-commerce sites position the shopping cart in the top right because familiar patterns increase decision-making speed.
4. Goal-Gradient Effect: Keep Users Motivated
📌 What It Means:
People work harder as they approach task completion. Unfinished tasks keep users engaged.
💡 How to Apply It:
✅ Use progress bars in checkout flows and form fields
✅ Show completion rewards for interrupted tasks
✅ Break long tasks into smaller, digestible steps
🔍 Example: LinkedIn’s profile completion meter encourages users to finish their profiles.
5. Hick’s Law: Reduce Complexity of Choices
📌 What It Means:
More menu options = slower decisions. Too much complexity leads to decision paralysis.
💡 How to Apply It:
✅ Limit choices in menu elements using linear menus or contextual menus
✅ Use progressive disclosure to simplify interactive elements
✅ Minimise mental models required for decision making
🔍 Example: Amazon suggests a few recommended products rather than overwhelming users with complex choices.
6. Jakob’s Law: Users Expect Familiar Patterns
📌 What It Means:
Users prefer interfaces that work like ones they already know.
💡 How to Apply It:
✅ Use design patterns that align with user expectations
✅ Keep e-commerce checkout flows intuitive
✅ Maintain familiar application icons to reduce cognitive effort
🔍 Example: Every shopping cart icon is in the top right—because changing it would create confusion.
7. Serial Position Effect: First & Last Matter Most
📌 What It Means:
People remember the first and last items in a sequence best.
💡 How to Apply It:
✅ Place key actions at the start and end of a user journey
✅ Use visual hierarchy to highlight essential design choices
🔍 Example: Landing pages start with strong headlines and end with compelling CTAs.
8. Zeigarnik Effect: Why Unfinished Tasks Stick in the Mind
📌 What It Means:
People remember incomplete tasks better than completed ones.
💡 How to Apply It:
✅ Use cliffhangers in onboarding flows
✅ Implement progress indicators to encourage task completion
🔍 Example: Netflix’s “Continue Watching” feature reminds users of unfinished tasks.
9. Law of Common Region: Grouping Elements for Clearer UX
📌 What It Means:
Humans naturally perceive objects within the same boundary as related. If elements share a visual container, users assume they belong together.
💡 How to Apply It:
✅ Use boxes, containers, or shaded backgrounds to visually group related elements
✅ Ensure form fields and labels are clearly separated
✅ Use contextual menus to keep related menu elements within a designated area
🔍 Example: Dashboard UIs use rectangular menus and card layouts to visually separate different data points, reducing mental effort and improving readability.
10. Law of Proximity: Reduce Cognitive Effort in Scanning
📌 What It Means:
Objects that are closer together are perceived as being related.
💡 How to Apply It:
✅ Place labels directly above or next to form fields for better usability
✅ Group related buttons to make them feel connected
✅ Ensure checkout flow elements are visually connected to reduce confusion
🔍 Example: E-commerce checkout pages keep the billing address and payment fields close together, reinforcing their relationship.
11. Law of Prägnanz: Simpler = More Memorable
📌 What It Means:
The human brain simplifies complex images into the easiest form to process. This principle, rooted in Gestalt psychology, ensures designs remain digestible and effective.
💡 How to Apply It:
✅ Use minimalist UI elements that avoid unnecessary complexity
✅ Ensure icons and visual elements represent their function clearly
✅ Reduce ambiguous images—users should instantly understand their purpose
🔍 Example: The Google logo is minimal, yet instantly recognisable—proving that the simplest form is often the most effective.
12. Zeigarnik Effect: Why Unfinished Tasks Stick in Users’ Minds
📌 What It Means:
Users remember incomplete tasks better than completed ones. This concept, first identified by Bluma Wulfovna Zeigarnik, highlights the power of interruption in UX design.
💡 How to Apply It:
✅ Use progress indicators to encourage users to finish a process
✅ Implement checklists in onboarding flows to keep users engaged
✅ Create a sense of urgency by showing unfinished steps in shopping carts
🔍 Example: Netflix’s “Continue Watching” feature leverages this principle to pull users back into unfinished content.
13. Law of Similarity: Consistency Builds Trust
📌 What It Means:
Users group similar visual elements together. Consistent design elements improve clarity and navigation.
💡 How to Apply It:
✅ Keep action buttons and menu labels uniform across the site
✅ Use consistent typography for headings, body text, and CTAs
✅ Maintain a cohesive visual design across all digital experiences
🔍 Example: Spotify’s album art layout keeps visuals structured and predictable, making it easier to scan playlists.
14. Peak-End Rule: Users Remember Highs & Lows, Not the Middle
📌 What It Means:
Users judge an experience based on the most intense moment (peak) and the final moment (end)—rather than the entire journey.
💡 How to Apply It:
✅ Ensure your most interactive elements create a positive experience
✅ End the checkout flow or form submission with a reward or thank-you page
✅ Highlight important touchpoints using color psychology and visual hierarchy
🔍 Example: Amazon’s post-purchase confirmation page reassures customers with order details, recommendations, and delivery dates, ending the user journey on a positive note.
15. Miller’s Law: The Magic Number 7 (±2) in UX Design
📌 What It Means:
George A. Miller, a cognitive psychologist, discovered that the average human short-term memory can only hold 7 (±2) items at a time.
💡 How to Apply It:
✅ Break content into small, digestible chunks
✅ Use bullet points and short paragraphs to improve readability
✅ Limit the number of menu options to avoid decision paralysis
🔍 Example: E-commerce websites keep their navigation menus short and intuitive—instead of overwhelming users with endless options.
16. Tesler’s Law: Simplicity vs. Complexity in UX Design
📌 What It Means:
All systems have inherent complexity—but the burden of handling that complexity should be on the system, not the user.
💡 How to Apply It:
✅ Automate repetitive tasks to reduce cognitive effort
✅ Keep form fields minimal—request only essential information
✅ Simplify design elements while maintaining necessary functionality
🔍 Example: Photoshop uses presets and templates to simplify complex tools, ensuring users aren’t overwhelmed by the full power of the software at once.
Final Takeaways for Designers
- User experience design is a mix of psychology and usability.
- Visual hierarchy, response times, and cognitive psychology impact conversion rates.
- Applying these UX laws will improve usability, engagement, and decision-making processes.
👉 Which UX laws do you already use? Drop a comment and let’s discuss! 🚀